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                  <text>Official Records: War of the Rebellion</text>
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                  <text>More formally known as: War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies but also often known simply as the "Official Records" or "O.R.", this massive multi-volume set was published by the War Department and the U.S. Government Printing Office between 1881 and 1901. It is based upon transcriptions of thousands of documents created during the American Civil War that were housed in the War Department, consisting of orders, reports, correspondence and similar material.</text>
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                  <text>The vast majority of the U.S. Congressional Serial Set is a work of the U.S. Government not subject to copyright in the United States and free to use or reuse.</text>
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                <text>Reports from Maj. Gen. Richard Taylor concerning attack on Milliken's Bend, June 1863</text>
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                <text>Official Records, Series I, Vol. 23, pt. 2, pp. 457-462. Permalink to this book at Library of Congress: &lt;a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2024847780" title="War of the Rebellion...Ser. I, Vol. 23, Part 2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://lccn.loc.gov/2024847780&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Several reports from Confederate Major General Richard Taylor, concerning the efforts by Walker's Texas Division to attack Federal outposts on the Mississippi River, including Young's Point and Milliken's Bend in June 1863. Also included are correspondence and endorsements from Lt. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, Confederate President Jefferson Davis, and Confederate Secretary of War James Seddon.</text>
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                  <text>Images of subjects relevant to the Milliken's Bend story. Images typically will include illustrations, etchings, editorial cartoons, and others. Some items may have a direct connection to Milliken's Bend. Others may provide more broad contextual information.</text>
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                <text>A Bit of War History: The Veteran</text>
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                <text>This painting by Thomas Waterman Wood shows the same African American man from "The Recruit" still in his uniform, but as an amputee on crutches. He nevertheless raises his right hand in salute. His uniform is faded, and dust covers his hat and boots. He wears a red shirt, and has a kerchief tied about his head, under his cap. The kerchief seems to be made of the same fabric as the bindle he carried with him at his arrival in "The Contraband." The man stands in full light, with the recruiter's office now in heavy shadow behind him. His gaze is still firm, with a quiet determination. He is clearly proud of his military service.  His weapons are propped against the chair behind him, and a crumpled knapsack lies on the ground nearby. The scene is the same Provost Marshall's office as in the previous two paintings. The recruiting poster for "Volunteers Wanted" remains on the wall. In heavy shadow behind him is an American flag, seen through an open door.  In the left foreground is the corner of a tent.&#13;
&#13;
Analysis: The condition of both the man and his uniform reflect the sacrifices he has made and the hardships he has seen. His red shirt stands out prominently as a symbol both of the blood he has sacrificed and his heart of courage.  The full light on the man indicates a new day of freedom dawning, and a bright future full of hope and possibility. The Provost Marshal's office remains a significant setting, as it would play a role to secure and maintain African Americans' rights in the post-war years through the Freedmen's Bureau.</text>
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                <text>Object number 84.12c, part of a triptych. Oil on canvas. The Met, Fifth Avenue (Metropolitan Museum of Art), New York, New York.</text>
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                <text>This painting by Thomas Waterman Wood shows the same African American man from "The Contraband" now wearing the uniform of a Union soldier. He stands tall, with eyes focused straight ahead and walking with a purposeful step.  He carries a musket with bayonet on his shoulder and he grips his belt with his left hand. His cartridge box is visible on his hip. He wears a kepi hat at a slight angle, and his clothes appear to be new. His shoes are clean and blacked.  He stands in the same Provost Marshall's office as in the previous painting,. The recruiting poster seeking  "Volunteers Wanted" is now nearly faded away, its place taken by a small American flag, whose red stripes seem especially prominent. An illustrated newspaper sits in the empty chair next to him, along with a lighted cigar. Behind him through a cracked open door we see a large American flag and a military drum. In the left foreground is the corner of a tent.&#13;
&#13;
Analysis: The soldier still wears the same shirt as in "The Contraband," but now is clothed in Union blue, highlighted by the red lining of his coat. Indeed, the man is now literally clothed in red, white, and blue. He stands in front of the American flag to defend it, as it too, stands behind him in support. Perhaps the small flag on the wall indicates that the freedman's commitment and courage is yet untested, and reflects the North's hesitant, even sometimes reluctant, embrace of enlisting Black men in the Union army.  </text>
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                <text>Link to the Met website: &lt;a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/13346" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/13346&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Object number 84.12b, part of a triptych. Oil on canvas. The Met, Fifth Avenue (Metropolitan Museum of Art), New York, New York.</text>
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                  <text>Images of subjects relevant to the Milliken's Bend story. Images typically will include illustrations, etchings, editorial cartoons, and others. Some items may have a direct connection to Milliken's Bend. Others may provide more broad contextual information.</text>
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                <text>A Bit of War History: The Contraband</text>
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                <text>This painting by Thomas Waterman Wood depicts an African American man fresh from the fields of bondage. The man doffs his hat in a customary act of deference, yet his face is full of hope and dignity. He smiles at the viewer and his eyes sparkle. His face is bathed in light. He has come into Union lines and entered the local Provost Marshall's office, where a recruiting poster is partially visible in the background, proclaiming "Volunteers Wanted." The man's clothes are well-worn, and the dirt on his shoes shows he has traveled some distance to get to his destination - or, perhaps, has just left the fields where he labored. His pocket is full to overflowing of what looks like tobacco leaves - and a stub of a still-smoking cigar is at his feet. He still holds a small bindle on a stick, tied in a multicolor fabric. To the right leaning against the chair is a musket, cartridge box, and accessories. The leather on these objects is bright and new, unworn and the metal on the musket gleams. A newspaper sits in the chair.  In the background to the left is a large American flag and a military drum.  In the left foreground is the corner of a tent.&#13;
&#13;
Analysis: The details of this painting can be read in numerous ways. At first, the man's stance and the way he lifts his hat might convey a notion of deference, instilled in him through decades of enslavement. Yet it can just as easily be read as demonstrating the hard labor he has endured, with his slightly stooped posture. His removal of his hat indicates his intent to cast off his identity as a bondsman, and instead of deference, is an act of liberty, defiance, and self-determination.  &#13;
The small bundle that he carries with him shows what few possessions he could have in a life of bondage, but also demonstrates he has deliberately run away, claiming his own freedom. The condition of his clothing, especially his trousers and shoes, show both the hard labor he has been subjected to, as well as the long and perilous journey he must have made to arrive at this moment. &#13;
The large quantity of tobacco in his pocket harkens back to the first enslaved Africans who arrived in the United States in Jamestown, Virginia in 1619, who worked the tobacco fields. And although it is not clearly defined - might there be 13 leaves of tobacco spilling out of his pocket, representing the original thirteen colonies? &#13;
The multi-colored fabric that wraps his bindle is a plaid pattern - and is in tones of red, white and blue, though faded. Might the pattern on the fabric also indicate the "stripes" that so many enslaved bore on their bodies from brutal whippings? Slavery was woven through every bit of the American story, north, south, east, and west.&#13;
The musket and accoutrements beg the question, at this moment, whether this man will become a soldier in the United States Army. Until the final Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, there was no authorization for the U.S. Army to accept Black men as soldiers - although they could be hired as paid laborers, such as teamsters and cooks. What will be this man's destiny?&#13;
The American flag and drum in the background, likewise, can be interpreted in several ways. For much of the early days of  Civil War, the North chose not to view the war as a war to end slavery. And indeed, even the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in the United States - but rather, in Confederate-held territory.  At the time this image was painted in 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which ended slavery throughout the United States, was still making its way through the ratification process. Thus, the image of the flag tucked away in a closet behind this man can simultaneously represent both the ways in which the United States denied him his rights and freedom - but also held the promise of a way to secure his freedom, both militarily through his service, and legally, through legislation.&#13;
&#13;
In the Milliken's Bend story: "Contrabands" - or self-emancipating slaves - streamed in to Union lines in northeast Louisiana during the spring and summer of 1863. Many of them enlisted in the army, and some fought at Milliken's Bend. &#13;
&#13;
This image centers the dignity and humanity of the freedmen, in a time when such qualities were too often mocked or outright denied. It dramatically portrays the hardships these men left behind, and the hopes and expectations they brought for their future.  </text>
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                <text>Link to The Met website: &lt;a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/13345" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/13345&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Object number 84.12a, part of a triptych.  Oil on canvas. The Met, Fifth Avenue (Metropolitan Museum of Art), New York, New York.</text>
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                <text>A stereograph taken by photographer D.B. Woodbury showing an African American family pausing around a wagon, captioned as a scene taken on January 1, 1863, the first day that the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect. Artist Alfred Waud would make a sketch from this photograph, which would be reproduced in Harper's Weekly on January 31, 1863.</text>
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                <text>Woodbury, D.B. (David B.)</text>
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                <text>Hartford, Conn. : War Photograph &amp; Exhibition Company, </text>
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                <text>Permalink to image at Library of Congress: &lt;a href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004682778" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://lccn.loc.gov/2004682778&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>New York Public Library image number 812626. Permalink to image at New York Public Library Digital Collections: &lt;a href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e1-3f9f-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e1-3f9f-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Images of subjects relevant to the Milliken's Bend story. Images typically will include illustrations, etchings, editorial cartoons, and others. Some items may have a direct connection to Milliken's Bend. Others may provide more broad contextual information.</text>
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                <text>An Arrival in Camp - Under the Proclamation of Emancipation</text>
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                <text>Sketch by Alfred Waud based upon a photograph taken by David B. Woodbury on Jan. 1, 1863 - the day the Emancipation Proclamation took effect.  This scene shows the condition of the formerly enslaved as they came in to Union lines.&#13;
In the spring of 1863, as Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's forces gathered on the west bank of the Mississippi River in northeast Louisiana, hundreds, then thousands of former slaves flooded in to Union lines, where many of them would soon become soldiers. Some would fight at Milliken's Bend.&#13;
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                <text>Permalink to original at Library of Congress website: &lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004660916/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004660916/&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Library of Congress call number:  DRWG/US - Waud, no. 489, part of the Morgan Collection of Civil War Drawings, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.</text>
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                  <text>Maps showing the area of Milliken's Bend, Louisiana, as well as Madison Parish, Louisiana. Additional maps feature related locations important to the Milliken's Bend story, such as northeast and north central Louisiana, the Mississippi River, Vicksburg, Mississippi, and other locations. Time periods range from the mid-19th century to the present day.&#13;
All maps, unless otherwise noted, are held by other repositories and are collected here to serve as a useful and centrally located resource. The original source for an individual map will typically appear within the listing for each individual item.</text>
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                <text>Detail of Map of Plantations in Carroll Parish...and Issaquena County...ca. 1863</text>
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                <text>Detail of Map of Plantations in Carroll Parish, Louisiana and Issaquena County, Mississippi, Goodrich Division, Skipwith District, ca. 1863. No date appears on the map, but it may have been used during 1863 when plantations began to be leased in the area. Numerous plantations and owners match with information from the summer of 1863. &#13;
Details shown on the map include houses, slave quarters, and cotton gins, landowners, plantation names, and acreage.  In a few locations are notations for "proposed stockades." The purpose of such stockades is unknown.&#13;
Each plot of land on the map bears a number, beginning on the southern (bottom) edge of the map and moving northward. Two numbering schemes are used, one in Louisiana and one in Mississippi. It is not know the purpose of these numbers, but if this map was used to aid in the leasing of plantations, such numbers may have been an easier and more efficient way to identify specific properties, particularly because most lessees would have been coming from outside of the region, and because some landowners owned more than one individual plot of land.&#13;
Locations include: Lake Providence and Goodrich's Landing, Louisiana;  and Skipwith's Landing in Mississippi.&#13;
Plantations or landowners who played a role in the Milliken's Bend story include: Amanda Stone, noted as plantation #4 in lower left, mother of diarist Kate Stone; Horace Tibbetts; Transylvania; Wilton; Stamboul; and the Morgan and Keene estates, managed by Tibbetts.</text>
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                <text>A. McFarland</text>
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                <text>Permalink to full map at National Archives website: &lt;a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26465536" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26465536&lt;/a&gt;  NAID: &lt;span class="display-block width-full"&gt;26465536&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>"Map of Plantations in Carroll Parish, Louisiana and Issaquena County, Mississippi, Goodrich Division, Skipwith District," Maps of Captured and Abandoned Properties series, RG 56 General Records of the Department of the Treasury, National Archives II, Cartographic Branch, College Park, MD.</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Access and use unrestricted, per National Archives website.</text>
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                  <text>Maps showing the area of Milliken's Bend, Louisiana, as well as Madison Parish, Louisiana. Additional maps feature related locations important to the Milliken's Bend story, such as northeast and north central Louisiana, the Mississippi River, Vicksburg, Mississippi, and other locations. Time periods range from the mid-19th century to the present day.&#13;
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                <text>Detail of Plot of Vicksburg and Natchez Districts, for Leasing Abandoned Plantations, ca. 1863</text>
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                <text>Detail of plot of Vicksburg District, for Leasing Abandoned Plantations, circa 1863. No date appears on the map, but it would seem likely that this map may have been used during 1863 when plantations began to be leased in the area. An "X" by the plantation name indicates that the property had been leased. &#13;
Locations include:  Milliken's Bend, at the intersection of Walnut Bayou and the Mississippi River; Duckport; Young's Point; Vicksburg; and individual named plantations or plantation owners in the vicinity.&#13;
Other locations also include: (New) Carthage; Perkins' Plantation; and Grand Gulf, as well as the plantations Brierfield and Hurricane, owned by Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his brother, Joseph.</text>
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                <text>Permalink to full map at National Archives: &lt;a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26465537" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26465537&lt;/a&gt; NAID: &lt;span class="display-inline-flex flex-align-center separator separator--pipe separator-size--lg separator-align--top separator-distance--1"&gt;&lt;span class="display-inline-flex flex-align-center flex-row font-sans-sm theme-white--text"&gt;26465537&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Access and use unrestricted, per National Archives website.</text>
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